{"id":416,"date":"2021-12-02T16:23:20","date_gmt":"2021-12-02T16:23:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.publishdot.com\/sbvqualitycourses\/chapter\/culturally-responsive-assessment\/"},"modified":"2021-12-09T03:59:09","modified_gmt":"2021-12-09T03:59:09","slug":"culturally-responsive-assessment","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.publishdot.com\/sbvqualitycourses\/chapter\/culturally-responsive-assessment\/","title":{"raw":"Culturally Responsive Assessments","rendered":"Culturally Responsive Assessments"},"content":{"raw":"<blockquote>Assessment is subjugated by a Western worldview...much of the mainstream culture-infused, linguistic-laden practices of assessment disadvantage Indigenous students.[footnote]Preston, J. P. &amp; Claypool, T. (2021, July 16). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/feduc.2021.679972\/full\">Analyzing assessment practices for Indigenous students<\/a>.[\/footnote]<\/blockquote>\r\nTraditional assessments tend to reinforce a linear, objective-oriented western worldview, rewarding memorization of facts that align with a colonial, white supremacist histories while misrepresenting or erasing the histories of Black, Indigenous peoples and People of Colour (BIPOC).\r\n\r\nOur own biases and assumptions about teaching and learning are communicated directly and indirectly through our assessment design. While we may believe that our instructions, deadlines, and rubrics are clearly communicated to learners, we actually may be excluding and othering students who are racialized, students from non-western cultures, and students with language proficiency challenges.\r\n\r\nFor example, a typical math test with lengthy problems requires students to interpret complex linguistic features. For students whose main language is not English, their language proficiency is being assessed, not their math skills[footnote]Preston, J. P. &amp; Claypool, T.R. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/feduc.2021.679972\/full\">Analyzing Assessment Practices for Indigenous Students<\/a>. Frontiers in Education.[\/footnote].\r\n\r\nAs a result of these assumptions, learners may feel confused by unclear expectations and overwhelmed by the task itself.\r\n\r\nOne way to mitigate\u00a0 the barriers of traditional assessments is to design <strong>culturally responsive assessment practices. <\/strong>\r\n\r\nAssessment design and delivery are culturally responsive when they:\r\n\r\n1) make learning meaningful and help students think about their learning,\r\n\r\n2) foster cultural competence, and\r\n\r\n3) promote socio-political consciousness.[footnote]Ladson Billings, G. (2017). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4HR8NEPK7l0\">Culturally Relevant Pedagogy<\/a>. [\/footnote]\r\n\r\nIn culturally responsive assessment, rote memorization is discouraged in favour of interactive and authentic opportunities to collaborate with others, encouraging students to contribute to community through meaningful and intentional action. Examples include petitions, social media campaigns, podcasts, and charitable events.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Additionally, people represented in images, scenarios, and examples in assessments will impact the extent to which a student feels as if they belong.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Students who see themselves <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">represented in assessment design and delivery are more likely to feel valued and engaged in the learning experience. When designing assessments, seek out images that represent a variety of racial and ethnic identities, sexual orientations, gender identities, and abilities.<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"textbox callout\">\r\n\r\n<strong>An assessment that responds to the cultures, interests, preferences, and practical goals of students is more likely to lead to student success.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nLearners feel connected to an assignment when they see themselves represented in it. This gives them the chance to reflect on their development as they go. For instance, students can be assessed on social justice topics through collaborative tasks suitable for a variety of disciplines. Examples include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Creating and promoting letter writing campaigns to world leaders on the rights of girls and women (Public Relations, Gender Studies)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"400\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.publishdot.com\/sbvqualitycourses\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/12\/AdobeStock_362103606-scaled-e1637617777865-2.jpeg\" alt=\"Asian women podcaster recording online talk show at studio using headphones, professional microphone and computer laptop on table.\" width=\"400\" height=\"270\" \/> Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/stock.adobe.com\/ca\/images\/asian-women-podcaster-podcasting-and-recording-online-talk-show-at-studio-using-headphones\/362103606\">Photo<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/stock.adobe.com\/ca\/contributor\/204926926\/snowing12\">snowing12<\/a> from <a href=\"https:\/\/stock.adobe.com\/ca\/free\">Adobe Stock free collection<\/a>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nDeveloping outreach strategies for community gardens (Sustainability, Social and Community Services)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Creating and publishing a podcast to celebrate successes of business owners with disabilities in the local community (Business Marketing)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Assessments that Respond to Indigenous Worldviews<\/h2>\r\n<blockquote>\"All students deserve a quality education, one that benefits from the contributions of the original peoples on the land they now call home.\"[footnote]Understanding Indigenous Perspectives. (2020). University of Toronto\/OISE Indigenous Education Resources. Creative Commons.[\/footnote]<\/blockquote>\r\nUnderstanding Indigenous perspectives is essential to a high-quality post-secondary educational experience in Ontario.\r\n\r\nNon-Indigenous educators who are unfamiliar with Indigenous ways of knowing and relating to others should not be discouraged from seeking opportunities to learn how to integrate Indigenous perspectives into their assessment practices.\u00a0Not only would Indigenous students feel included and see themselves represented in Indigenous-inspired learning activities and assessments, but non-Indigenous students will develop cultural competence by exploring other worldviews and challenging their own biases and ideologies.\r\n\r\nTo develop assessments that are culturally relevant to Indigenous peoples, non-Indigenous educators are encouraged to build their understanding of Indigenous perspectives by seeking out free and accessible educational resources such as the University of Toronto's <a href=\"http:\/\/From a holistic Indigenous standpoint, education is about gaining life skills; it is about communicative interactions, social relationships, self-discovery, and self-growth. In turn, assessment and self-assessment need to focus on the diversity of learning; the whole learning experience.\">Understanding Indigenous Perspectives<\/a> self-directed online modules.\r\n\r\nIf your institution offers curriculum development support with Indigenous advisors, reach out and get to know your Indigenous colleagues. Share your willingness to self-educate, and commit to supporting decolonizing your curriculum by incorporating Indigenous ways of knowing into instructional design. This includes assessments.\r\n<h5>How can<\/h5>\r\nKnowledge is subjective.[footnote]Understanding Indigenous Perspectives. (2020). University of Toronto\/OISE Indigenous Education Resources. Creative Commons.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nFrom a holistic Indigenous standpoint, education is about gaining life skills; it is about communicative interactions, social relationships, self-discovery, and self-growth. In turn, assessment and self-assessment need to focus on the diversity of learning; the whole learning experience.\r\n\r\nAssessment Idea\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h5><\/h5>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAssessment Idea\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h5>Seven Grandfather Teachings<\/h5>\r\nAssessment Idea\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nWhen designing assessments using\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nImagine that we might adapt a traditional western assessment Indigenous worldviews as an example of\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWhat are some considerations\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oise.utoronto.ca\/abed101\/indigenous-ways-of-knowing\/\">Understanding Indigenous Perspectives<\/a>. (2020). University of Toronto\/OISE Indigenous Education Resources. Creative Commons.\r\n\r\nWhat types of assessment might be relevant to all learners?\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nt the same time, we must be mindful that Indigenous students shouldn\u2019t have to be the only educators in a post-secondary space, being put in a position of \u201chaving to explain colonization while also experiencing colonization\u201d.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>Alternative Assessments<\/h2>\r\nConsider how we might move away from traditional assessment design that favours western perspectives.\r\n\r\nWe can integrate alternative assessments into our practice when we self-educate. We can build our own cultural competence first by learning about students - who they are, what they are passionate about, and what their goals are.\r\n\r\nThen, we can seek out local and global initiatives that inspire students to share their ways of being, knowing and doing with each other and with us.\r\n<h2>Activity<\/h2>\r\nFor the dialogue cards below, read the traditional assessment and consider a <strong>culturally responsive alternative assessment<\/strong>. Then, flip the card to view an option we've come up with.[footnote]Adapted from Mueller, J. (2012)<a href=\"http:\/\/jfmueller.faculty.noctrl.edu\/toolbox\/whatisit.htm#similar\"> Authentic Assessment Toolbox<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/cfdev.senecacollege.ca\/tl\/nutshell\/s20\/module11\/\">Seneca College Authentic Assessment Nutshell<\/a>[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"128\"]\r\n<h2>Apply your Knowledge<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--reflection\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Reflection<\/h2>\r\n<\/header>[h5p id=\"123\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<blockquote>Assessment is subjugated by a Western worldview...much of the mainstream culture-infused, linguistic-laden practices of assessment disadvantage Indigenous students.[footnote]Preston, J. P. &amp; Claypool, T. (2021, July 16). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/feduc.2021.679972\/full\">Analyzing assessment practices for Indigenous students<\/a>.[\/footnote]<\/blockquote>\r\nIntegrating online assessment practices that prioritize human experience and individual learning can foster inclusive learning environments and encourage learners to create their own transformative learning experiences. Furthermore, equitable and inclusive assessment design can help to dismantle systemic inequities caused by racism, bias and discrimination.[footnote]Stommel, J. (2021, June 11). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jessestommel.com\/ungrading-an-introduction\/\">Ungrading: An Introduction<\/a>. JessieStommel.com.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<blockquote>When educational curricula and pedagogy are imbued with Indigenous knowledge and ways of knowing, Indigenous student learning improves.[footnote]Preston, J. P. &amp; Claypool, T. (2021, July 16). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/feduc.2021.679972\/full\">Analyzing assessment practices for Indigenous students<\/a>.[\/footnote]<\/blockquote>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--newfeature\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Explore<\/h2>\r\n<\/header><\/div>\r\ninsert definition, Indigenous perspectives, etc. Possibly bring over the Ted Talk from the Overview page.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<blockquote><p>Assessment is subjugated by a Western worldview&#8230;much of the mainstream culture-infused, linguistic-laden practices of assessment disadvantage Indigenous students.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Preston, J. P. &amp; Claypool, T. (2021, July 16). Analyzing assessment practices for Indigenous students.\" id=\"return-footnote-416-1\" href=\"#footnote-416-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Traditional assessments tend to reinforce a linear, objective-oriented western worldview, rewarding memorization of facts that align with a colonial, white supremacist histories while misrepresenting or erasing the histories of Black, Indigenous peoples and People of Colour (BIPOC).<\/p>\n<p>Our own biases and assumptions about teaching and learning are communicated directly and indirectly through our assessment design. While we may believe that our instructions, deadlines, and rubrics are clearly communicated to learners, we actually may be excluding and othering students who are racialized, students from non-western cultures, and students with language proficiency challenges.<\/p>\n<p>For example, a typical math test with lengthy problems requires students to interpret complex linguistic features. For students whose main language is not English, their language proficiency is being assessed, not their math skills<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Preston, J. P. &amp; Claypool, T.R. (2021). Analyzing Assessment Practices for Indigenous Students. Frontiers in Education.\" id=\"return-footnote-416-2\" href=\"#footnote-416-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>As a result of these assumptions, learners may feel confused by unclear expectations and overwhelmed by the task itself.<\/p>\n<p>One way to mitigate\u00a0 the barriers of traditional assessments is to design <strong>culturally responsive assessment practices. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Assessment design and delivery are culturally responsive when they:<\/p>\n<p>1) make learning meaningful and help students think about their learning,<\/p>\n<p>2) foster cultural competence, and<\/p>\n<p>3) promote socio-political consciousness.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Ladson Billings, G. (2017). Culturally Relevant Pedagogy.\" id=\"return-footnote-416-3\" href=\"#footnote-416-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>In culturally responsive assessment, rote memorization is discouraged in favour of interactive and authentic opportunities to collaborate with others, encouraging students to contribute to community through meaningful and intentional action. Examples include petitions, social media campaigns, podcasts, and charitable events.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Additionally, people represented in images, scenarios, and examples in assessments will impact the extent to which a student feels as if they belong.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Students who see themselves <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">represented in assessment design and delivery are more likely to feel valued and engaged in the learning experience. When designing assessments, seek out images that represent a variety of racial and ethnic identities, sexual orientations, gender identities, and abilities.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox callout\">\n<p><strong>An assessment that responds to the cultures, interests, preferences, and practical goals of students is more likely to lead to student success.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Learners feel connected to an assignment when they see themselves represented in it. This gives them the chance to reflect on their development as they go. For instance, students can be assessed on social justice topics through collaborative tasks suitable for a variety of disciplines. Examples include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Creating and promoting letter writing campaigns to world leaders on the rights of girls and women (Public Relations, Gender Studies)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<figure style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.publishdot.com\/sbvqualitycourses\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/12\/AdobeStock_362103606-scaled-e1637617777865-2.jpeg\" alt=\"Asian women podcaster recording online talk show at studio using headphones, professional microphone and computer laptop on table.\" width=\"400\" height=\"270\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/stock.adobe.com\/ca\/images\/asian-women-podcaster-podcasting-and-recording-online-talk-show-at-studio-using-headphones\/362103606\">Photo<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/stock.adobe.com\/ca\/contributor\/204926926\/snowing12\">snowing12<\/a> from <a href=\"https:\/\/stock.adobe.com\/ca\/free\">Adobe Stock free collection<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Developing outreach strategies for community gardens (Sustainability, Social and Community Services)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Creating and publishing a podcast to celebrate successes of business owners with disabilities in the local community (Business Marketing)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Assessments that Respond to Indigenous Worldviews<\/h2>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;All students deserve a quality education, one that benefits from the contributions of the original peoples on the land they now call home.&#8221;<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Understanding Indigenous Perspectives. (2020). University of Toronto\/OISE Indigenous Education Resources. Creative Commons.\" id=\"return-footnote-416-4\" href=\"#footnote-416-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Understanding Indigenous perspectives is essential to a high-quality post-secondary educational experience in Ontario.<\/p>\n<p>Non-Indigenous educators who are unfamiliar with Indigenous ways of knowing and relating to others should not be discouraged from seeking opportunities to learn how to integrate Indigenous perspectives into their assessment practices.\u00a0Not only would Indigenous students feel included and see themselves represented in Indigenous-inspired learning activities and assessments, but non-Indigenous students will develop cultural competence by exploring other worldviews and challenging their own biases and ideologies.<\/p>\n<p>To develop assessments that are culturally relevant to Indigenous peoples, non-Indigenous educators are encouraged to build their understanding of Indigenous perspectives by seeking out free and accessible educational resources such as the University of Toronto&#8217;s <a href=\"http:\/\/From a holistic Indigenous standpoint, education is about gaining life skills; it is about communicative interactions, social relationships, self-discovery, and self-growth. In turn, assessment and self-assessment need to focus on the diversity of learning; the whole learning experience.\">Understanding Indigenous Perspectives<\/a> self-directed online modules.<\/p>\n<p>If your institution offers curriculum development support with Indigenous advisors, reach out and get to know your Indigenous colleagues. Share your willingness to self-educate, and commit to supporting decolonizing your curriculum by incorporating Indigenous ways of knowing into instructional design. This includes assessments.<\/p>\n<h5>How can<\/h5>\n<p>Knowledge is subjective.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Understanding Indigenous Perspectives. (2020). University of Toronto\/OISE Indigenous Education Resources. Creative Commons.\" id=\"return-footnote-416-5\" href=\"#footnote-416-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>From a holistic Indigenous standpoint, education is about gaining life skills; it is about communicative interactions, social relationships, self-discovery, and self-growth. In turn, assessment and self-assessment need to focus on the diversity of learning; the whole learning experience.<\/p>\n<p>Assessment Idea<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Assessment Idea<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>Seven Grandfather Teachings<\/h5>\n<p>Assessment Idea<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>When designing assessments using<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Imagine that we might adapt a traditional western assessment Indigenous worldviews as an example of<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>What are some considerations<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oise.utoronto.ca\/abed101\/indigenous-ways-of-knowing\/\">Understanding Indigenous Perspectives<\/a>. (2020). University of Toronto\/OISE Indigenous Education Resources. Creative Commons.<\/p>\n<p>What types of assessment might be relevant to all learners?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>t the same time, we must be mindful that Indigenous students shouldn\u2019t have to be the only educators in a post-secondary space, being put in a position of \u201chaving to explain colonization while also experiencing colonization\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Alternative Assessments<\/h2>\n<p>Consider how we might move away from traditional assessment design that favours western perspectives.<\/p>\n<p>We can integrate alternative assessments into our practice when we self-educate. We can build our own cultural competence first by learning about students &#8211; who they are, what they are passionate about, and what their goals are.<\/p>\n<p>Then, we can seek out local and global initiatives that inspire students to share their ways of being, knowing and doing with each other and with us.<\/p>\n<h2>Activity<\/h2>\n<p>For the dialogue cards below, read the traditional assessment and consider a <strong>culturally responsive alternative assessment<\/strong>. Then, flip the card to view an option we&#8217;ve come up with.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Adapted from Mueller, J. (2012) Authentic Assessment Toolbox and Seneca College Authentic Assessment Nutshell\" id=\"return-footnote-416-6\" href=\"#footnote-416-6\" aria-label=\"Footnote 6\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-128\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-128\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"128\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Authentic Assessment is Culturally Responsive\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Apply your Knowledge<\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--reflection\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Reflection<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div id=\"h5p-123\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-123\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"123\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Overview of Online Assessments - Apply your Knowledge\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<blockquote><p>Assessment is subjugated by a Western worldview&#8230;much of the mainstream culture-infused, linguistic-laden practices of assessment disadvantage Indigenous students.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Preston, J. P. &amp; Claypool, T. (2021, July 16). Analyzing assessment practices for Indigenous students.\" id=\"return-footnote-416-7\" href=\"#footnote-416-7\" aria-label=\"Footnote 7\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Integrating online assessment practices that prioritize human experience and individual learning can foster inclusive learning environments and encourage learners to create their own transformative learning experiences. Furthermore, equitable and inclusive assessment design can help to dismantle systemic inequities caused by racism, bias and discrimination.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Stommel, J. (2021, June 11). Ungrading: An Introduction. JessieStommel.com.\" id=\"return-footnote-416-8\" href=\"#footnote-416-8\" aria-label=\"Footnote 8\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>When educational curricula and pedagogy are imbued with Indigenous knowledge and ways of knowing, Indigenous student learning improves.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Preston, J. P. &amp; Claypool, T. (2021, July 16). Analyzing assessment practices for Indigenous students.\" id=\"return-footnote-416-9\" href=\"#footnote-416-9\" aria-label=\"Footnote 9\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--newfeature\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Explore<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<\/div>\n<p>insert definition, Indigenous perspectives, etc. Possibly bring over the Ted Talk from the Overview page.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-416-1\">Preston, J. P. &amp; Claypool, T. (2021, July 16). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/feduc.2021.679972\/full\">Analyzing assessment practices for Indigenous students<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-416-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-416-2\">Preston, J. P. &amp; Claypool, T.R. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/feduc.2021.679972\/full\">Analyzing Assessment Practices for Indigenous Students<\/a>. Frontiers in Education. <a href=\"#return-footnote-416-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-416-3\">Ladson Billings, G. (2017). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4HR8NEPK7l0\">Culturally Relevant Pedagogy<\/a>.  <a href=\"#return-footnote-416-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-416-4\">Understanding Indigenous Perspectives. (2020). University of Toronto\/OISE Indigenous Education Resources. Creative Commons. <a href=\"#return-footnote-416-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-416-5\">Understanding Indigenous Perspectives. (2020). University of Toronto\/OISE Indigenous Education Resources. Creative Commons. <a href=\"#return-footnote-416-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-416-6\">Adapted from Mueller, J. (2012)<a href=\"http:\/\/jfmueller.faculty.noctrl.edu\/toolbox\/whatisit.htm#similar\"> Authentic Assessment Toolbox<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/cfdev.senecacollege.ca\/tl\/nutshell\/s20\/module11\/\">Seneca College Authentic Assessment Nutshell<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-416-6\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 6\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-416-7\">Preston, J. P. &amp; Claypool, T. (2021, July 16). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/feduc.2021.679972\/full\">Analyzing assessment practices for Indigenous students<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-416-7\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 7\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-416-8\">Stommel, J. (2021, June 11). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jessestommel.com\/ungrading-an-introduction\/\">Ungrading: An Introduction<\/a>. JessieStommel.com. <a href=\"#return-footnote-416-8\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 8\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-416-9\">Preston, J. P. &amp; Claypool, T. (2021, July 16). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/feduc.2021.679972\/full\">Analyzing assessment practices for Indigenous students<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-416-9\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 9\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by"},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[53],"class_list":["post-416","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless","license-cc-by"],"part":405,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.publishdot.com\/sbvqualitycourses\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/416","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.publishdot.com\/sbvqualitycourses\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.publishdot.com\/sbvqualitycourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.publishdot.com\/sbvqualitycourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.publishdot.com\/sbvqualitycourses\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/416\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":435,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.publishdot.com\/sbvqualitycourses\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/416\/revisions\/435"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.publishdot.com\/sbvqualitycourses\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/405"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.publishdot.com\/sbvqualitycourses\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/416\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.publishdot.com\/sbvqualitycourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=416"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.publishdot.com\/sbvqualitycourses\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=416"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.publishdot.com\/sbvqualitycourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=416"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.publishdot.com\/sbvqualitycourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}